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It is a field of internal medicine that focuses on treating, diagnosing, or preventing disorders of the digestive system. Thus, based on its anatomical structure, gastroenterology is classified into three or four areas: the pancreaticobiliary department (which includes gallstones, biliary stones, pancreatitis, biliary tract cancer, pancreatic cancer, etc.) and the liver (which includes hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, fatty liver), etc. Besides, this is a subject specializing in pathological diagnosis and treatment of the upper gastrointestinal tract (reflux esophagitis, gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcer, stomach cancer) and lower gastrointestinal tract (colitis, colon cancer).
In internal medicine, gastroenterology provides the widest range of symptoms and disorders since it has so many different tissues and organs. Among them, the most common complaints from the general public are weariness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, constipation, jaundice, and stomach discomfort.
It is said that the function of the digestive system usually takes from 16 to 36 hours for food that enters the mouth to come out through the anus. the organ that plays the most important role is the stomach. The stomach is the organ that first accepts and digests food. It is a digestive organ that temporarily stores food after a meal, mixes the food with gastric juice, and grinds it into small pieces. The volume of food increases to 1 to 1.5 liters after it enters the stomach. The stomach’s six cups of digestive fluid, which is a mixture of hydrochloric acid and gastric acid, break down food into particles smaller than one millimeter. Furthermore, as previously mentioned, the stomach secretes pepsinogen, which aids in the digestion of protein. Stomach acid also helps eradicate bacteria that enter the mouth. After digestion in the stomach, food goes to the duodenum, where bile and the pancreatic juice are added. After there, it moves to the small intestine, where the villus allows it to collect nutrition. The remaining waste is completely dehydrated in the large intestine and is discharged through the anus through defecation. When the digestive system works, it uses up to 50% to 80% of the body’s energy depending on the food, so it can make you feel tired after a meal.
Reflux esophagitis is an inflammation of the esophagus that occurs when stomach contents or stomach acid reflux into the esophagus or throat. Strong digestive fluids cause inflammation and damage to the mucous membrane, which can lead to belching or, in extreme situations, make it difficult to swallow food and perhaps cause discomfort. When you experience this, you may think you have a respiratory illness rather than a gastrointestinal one since you may frequently get hoarse in the throat and have a dry cough. In addition, gastritis, which is inflammation of the stomach, is usually caused by overeating, eating too quickly, or eating strongly irritating food. Gastritis can also be caused by alcohol or by drugs such as painkillers, anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, etc. that damage the stomach mucosa. The causes of gastritis are diverse. In some cases, it is caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori. Severe mental stress, smoking, and drinking can also cause gastritis. Irritable bowel syndrome refers to a disorder that occurs due to hypersensitive contraction of the large intestine. It is caused by binge eating, excessive drinking, irregular eating habits, and stress.
The exact cause has not yet been revealed. Mental stress is also known to be a cause of irritable bowel symptoms, including changes in the shape of bowel movements, abdominal pain and abdominal discomfort, frequent heartburn, feeling tired all over, and headaches.