1. What is Pulmnology (respiratory internal medicine)?

This is a branch of internal medicine and is related to intensive care medicine. Pulmonology often involves the management of patients requiring life support and mechanical ventilation. Pulmonologists must be specifically trained in diseases and conditions of the chest, such as pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis, emphysema, and complex chest infections. Respiratory specialists diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases that affect respiratory function. A few examples are respiratory conditions brought on by the workplace, snoring and sleep apnea, asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

2. Physiological functions of the respiratory system

The most vital organs in the respiratory system are the lungs, which contain many tiny blood vessels around the alveoli to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The body produces carbon dioxide, which is transported and expelled by red blood cells that pass via the alveolar capillaries. The alveoli are home to around 300 million alveoli, where oxygen is taken in and distributed throughout the body by the red blood cells.

In fact, individuals often exchange 400–500 ml of air in a single breath; if it is less than this amount, coughing or asthma may occur. Breathing is controlled by this respiratory system located in the brain’s medulla. The muscles used are the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, and as mentioned before, the tidal volume is 500cc and the vital capacity is 3500~4000cc.

3. Diseases seen in respiratory medicine

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cough, asthma, chronic dryness, etc. The two most frequent causes are air pollution and smoking. It might be argued that quitting smoking is necessary since smokers have a 13 times higher risk of lung cancer compared to non-smokers. 

Bronchial asthma is an obstructive respiratory disease caused by increased bronchial response to various stimuli. Symptoms include coughing, mucous sputum, bronchospasm, mucous membrane edema, and symptoms that could worsen at night.

In addition, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a disease caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema due to air pollution, smoking, infection, nutritional deficiencies, pneumoconiosis, etc. Cough, phlegm, difficulty breathing, edema, cyanosis, and impaired consciousness might occur. It can cause serious aftereffects or even lead to death.

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